Causes of Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis: Genetic, Cardiovascular, Hematologic, and Infectious Factors
Nonimmune hydrops fetalis arises from genetic, cardiovascular, hematologic, and infectious causes, each contributing uniquely to fluid accumulation in fetuses.
Cardiovascular issues, such as heart defects, are a major cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Conditions like Ebstein malformation and tetralogy of Fallot can lead to heart failure, which in turn causes fluid to accumulate in the fetus. These defects can obstruct normal blood flow, leading to fluid buildup in various fetal compartments.
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Hematologic Conditions
Hematologic conditions, such as severe anemia, are another cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Conditions like Hb Bart's HF can lead to significant anemia, which affects the fetus's ability to manage fluid. This can result in fluid accumulation in the fetal tissues, leading to hydrops.
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Infectious Agents
Infectious agents, particularly viruses like parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus, are known to cause nonimmune hydrops fetalis. These infections can lead to severe anemia or heart failure in the fetus, resulting in fluid accumulation. The presence of these agents can significantly impact fetal health and development.