An ideal transformer is a theoretical construct that assumes perfect efficiency, no losses, and precise voltage/current ratios. The key characteristics of an ideal transformer include:
100% Efficiency: An ideal transformer transfers all the input power to the output without any losses. This means the ratio of output power to input power is 100%.
No Losses: There are no energy losses due to resistance, eddy currents, or hysteresis.
Perfect Voltage and Current Transformation: The voltage and current ratios are exactly proportional to the turns ratio of the transformer.
Real Transformers
Real transformers, in contrast, do not achieve 100% efficiency due to various losses. The efficiency of a real transformer is the ratio of the real output power to the real input power, expressed as a percentage. The key characteristics of real transformers include:
Efficiency: Ideal transformers have 100% efficiency, while real transformers have efficiencies typically between 95% and 99%.
Losses: Ideal transformers have no losses, whereas real transformers experience copper and core losses.
Practicality: Ideal transformers are theoretical models used for simplifying calculations and understanding basic principles, while real transformers are used in practical applications where some level of efficiency loss is acceptable.
Practical Considerations
When selecting a transformer for practical applications, it is important to consider not only the efficiency but also the total cost of ownership, including energy costs over the transformer's lifespan. High-efficiency transformers may have higher initial costs but can lead to significant energy savings over time.